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**450NX  (?)            06/29/98:
Chips:
[82454NX] (PXB) [82453NX] (MUX) 
[82452NX] (RCG) [82451NX] (MIOC) 
[82371EB] (PIIX4E),                            
CPUs:          Single/Dual/Quad P-II Xeon/P-III Xeon
DRAM Types:    FPM EDO 2-way Interleave 4-way Interleave
Mem Rows:      8
DRAM Density:  16Mbit 64Mbit
Max Mem:       8GB
ECC/Parity:    Both
AGP speed:     N/A
Bus Speed:     100
PCI Clock/Bus: 1/3


**?????  (Profusion)    c:99...
**800 series...
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*SIS...
**55x            SoC (System-on-chip)                        <03/14/02
***Notes:...
***Versions:...
**
**Support chips:
**85C206     Integrated Peripheral Controller [no datasheet]         ?...
**5595       Pentium PCI System I/O                          <12/24/97...
**950        LPC I/O                                         <07/16/99...
**Other:...
**PII/III/Pro...
**Athlon etc...
*Symphony...
*TI (Texas Instruments)...
*UMC...
*Unresearched:...
*VIA...
*VLSI...
**VL82C481         System/Cache/ISA bus Controller                 c92
***Basics:...
***Info:

The   VL82C481   controller   is   designed  to   control   486DX   or
486SX/487SX-based ISA bus  systems operating at up to 40  MHz. It also
supports 486 family  CPUs that contain an  integrated write-back cache
(P24T,  etc.)  The VL82C481  replaces  the  following devices  on  the
motherboard:

o  Two 82C37A DMA controllers
o  Two 82C59A interrupt controllers
o  82C54 timer
o  74LS612 memory mapper
o  82284 clock generator and ready interface
o  82288 bus controller

The following controller blocks are also included on-chip:
o  Memory/refresh controller
o  Port B and NMI logic
o  Bus steering logic
o  Turbo Mode control logic
o  Parity checking logic
o  Parity generation logic
o  Writ-back look-aside cache controller

The VL82C481 supports the Weitek 4167 Numeric Coprocessor.

The memory controller logic is capable of accessing up to 64 MB. There
can be up to four banks of 256K, 1M, or 4M DRAMs used in a system. The
VL82C481 can drive two banks without external buffering. Built-in Page
Mode operation and  up to two-way interleaving allows  the PC designer
to maximize  system perform-  ance using low-cost  DRAMs. Programmable
DRAM timing  is provided for  RAS# pre- charge, RAs-to-CAS  delay, and
CAS# pulse width.

The VL82C481  write-back cache  controller logic  supports one  or two
bank direct map write-back cache  with external tag storage. The cache
controller can per- form 2-1-1-1 reads with two banks or 2-2-2-2 reads
with one bank. It can also  perform 3-2-2-2 cycle reads for support of
slower SRAMs at higher frequences.   The VL82C481 can perform one wait
state writes on cache-hits. An optional  zero wait state write mode is
provided  for use  with  fast  cache SRAMs.  The  cachable DRAM  range
includes 2  MB up to 64  MB utilizing cache  data SRAM sizes of  32 KB
through 1 MB, respectively.

The HITM#  input is provided  to force the  VL82C481 to abort  DRAM or
cache cycles when a hit on a dirty line in the CPU write-back cache is
detected. the DRAM or cache  cycle is subsequently restarted after the
CPU has written back the dirty data

Shadowing features are  supported on 16K boundarys  between A0000h and
FFFFFh (640 KB  to 1 MB). simultaneous use of  shadowed ROM and direct
system  board   access  is  possible  in   a  non-overlapping  fashion
throughout  this memory  space. Control  over four  access options  is
provided:
1. Access ROM or slot bus for reads and writes.
2. Access system board DRAM for reads and writes.
3. Access system board DRAM for reads and slot bus for writes.
4. Shadow setup mode. Read ROM of slot bus, write system board DRAM.

Three special programmable address regions  are provided. the Fast Bus
Clock Reg- ion  allows accesses to certain memory regions  at a faster
ISA  bus  clock  rate  for  fast  on-board  or  off-board  devices.  A
Non-Cacheable Region and/or a Write-Pro-  tected Region may be defined
by a set of six registers that allow  memory in the region 640 KB to 1
MB to be marked as  non-cacheable and/or write-protected in increments
of 16 KB. A further set of registers allows a memory range anywhere in
the first 64  MB of memory to be  marked as a DRAM region,  an ISA bus
region, or  a local  bus region, either  cachable or  non-cacheable in
increments of 2 KB. 64 KB, or 1 MB.

Further support for  devices that reside on the local  bus is provided
through use of the LDEV# (Local Bus Access) input, which deselects the
VL82C481 during CPU cycles and  causes the VL82C481 to generate VL-Bus
memory cycles when active dur- ing DMA and Master Mode cycles. Also, a
memory range anywhere  in the first 64 MB of  memory can be programmed
via the internal mapping registers. This allows the VL82C481 to access
a VL-Bus  device during DMA or  Master Mode transfers, and  de- select
the VL82C481 during CPU cycles.

The VL82C481 handles  system board refresh directly  ans also controls
the timing  of slot  bus refresh.  Refresh may  be performed  in three
different modes: synchro- nous, Asynchronous or Decoupled Mode. In the
Synchronous Mode, slot  bus and on- board DRAM  refresh cycles proceed
simultaneously   with  all   memory  cycles   held  until   both  have
completed. The Asynchronous Mode allows  in- and off-board refre- shes
to  be  initiated  simultaneously,  but  to  complete  asynchronously,
allowing earlier  access to  DRAM. In the  Decoupled Mode,  a separate
refresh counter is  used for slot bus refresh,  allowing on-board DRAM
and system refreshes  to proceed in- dependently,  with DRAM refreshes
initiated  during  bus idle  cycles.  CAS-before-RAS  refresh is  also
supported. Refreshes  are staggered  to minimize power  supply loading
and attenuate noise on the VDD and VSS pins. The VL82C481 supports the
ISA bus standard refresh period of 15.625 us as well as 125 us.

The interrupt controller  logic consists of two  82C59A megacells with
eight inter- rupt  request lines each. The two  megacells are cascaded
internally and three of the  interrupt request inputs are connected to
internal circuitry, sa a total  of 13 external interrupt request lines
are  available.  These 13  interrupt  request  lines plus  the  Weitek
interrupt  request   line,  the   ten-channel  check  line,   and  the
Turbo/Non-Turbo  line   are  scanned  in   through  one  pin   on  the
VL82C481. Two external 74LS166s are  required for scanning in these 16
signals.

The  interval timer  includes one  82C54 counter/timer  megacell.  the
counter/timer   has  three  independent  16-bit   counters  and  six
programmable counter modes.

the  two DMA  controllers are  82C37A compatible.  Each controls  data
transfers bet-  ween an I/O channel  and on- or off-board  memory. The
DMA  controllers  can  transfer  data   over  the  full  64  MB  range
available. Internal  latches are  provided for  latc- hing  the middle
address  bits output  by the  82C37A megacells  on the  data bus.  The
74LS612 memory  mappers are integrated  to generate the  upper address
bits.

The  VL82C481  can  be  programmed  for  asynchronous  or  synchronous
operation of the ISA bus.

The  VL82C481 also  performs  all the  data  buffer control  functions
required for a 486-based ISA bus system. Under the control of the CPU,
the  VL82C481 routes  data to  and  from the  CPU's local  D bus,  the
internal XD  bus, and the slots  (SD bus).  During CPU  ISA bus reads,
the  data is  latched for  synchronization  with the  CPU.  Parity  is
checked for D bus DRAM read  operations. On power-on default, the chip
does not  generate parity for  CPU writes  to DRAM, but  does generate
cache write-  back cycles. However,  a mode  is provided in  which the
VL82C481 will  generate parity during  either CPU writes or  VL master
writes. Even parity is generated and checked.

***differences to the VL82C480:...
***Configurations:...
***Features:...
**VL82C486         Single-Chip 486, SC486, Controller                ?...
**VL82C425         486 Cache controller                              ?...
**????????         Cheetah 486, PCI [no datasheet]                   ?...
**VL82C3216        Bus Expanding Controller Cache with write buffer  ?...
**VL82C521/522     Lynx/M                                            ?...
**VL82C530         Eagle Ð                                         c95...
**VL82C541/543     Lynx                                            c95...
**VL82C591/593     SuperCore 590                                   c94...
**VL82C594/596/597 Wildcat                                         c95...
**I/O Chips:
**VL82C106 Combination I/O chip                                      ?...
**VL82C107 SCAMP  Combination I/O chip                               ?...
**VL82C108 TOPCAT Combination I/O chip                               ?...
**VL82C110 Combination I/O chip                                      ?...
**VL82C113 SCAMP  Combination I/O chip                               ?...
**VL82C114 Combination I/O chip                                      ?...
**Video: ...
**Disk:...
**Modems:...
**Other:...
**Not sure if they actually exist...
*Western Digital...
*Winbond...
*ZyMOS...
*General Sources:...

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